Abstract

The Hall effect is the generation of a current perpendicular to the direction of applied electric as well as applied magnetic field in a metal or a semiconductor. It is used to determine the concentration of electrons. The Quantum Hall effect has been discovered by von Klitzing in Germany and by Tsui, Stormer and Gossard in U.S.A. Robert Laughlin also in U.S.A. explained the quantization of Hall current by using “flux quantization” and introduced incompressibility to obtain fractional charge. We have developed the theory of the quantum Hall effect by using the theory of angular momentum. Our predicted fractions are in accord with those measured. Von Klitzing in 1985, and Tsui, Stormer and Laughlin in 1998 received the Nobel prize for their discoveries. In this lecture, we report a review of the subject as well as emphasize our explanation of the observed phenomena. We use spin to explain the fractional charge and hence we discover spin-charge coupling. We find a new way to quantize the flux and compare our explanation with other prize winning researches.